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Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi Piazzale E. Mattei, 1 00144 (06) 59001 Fax: (06) 5900-2141 State-Owned Company Incorporated: 1953 Employees: 135,000 Sales: L48.00 trillion (US$42.59 billion) Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) is Italy ’s state energy holding corporation. It controls 300 companies active in seven main sectors: exploration, production, and distribution of hydrocarbons and other fuels; chemicals; machinery manufacturing; engineering and services; metallurgy; finance; and miscellaneous activities that include travel services, publishing, industrial reconversion —the conversion of an existing plant to produce a different product, or to produce the same product using different technology —and software production. ENI has its origins in the 1920s when the Italian government formed Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli (Agip) to pursue exploration for petroleum and in Italy. In the restructuring of Italian industry that followed, Agip and related state-owned energy companies were grouped together to form ENI. Today Agip remains the principal oil company in the ENI group. State participation in Italian industry dates from the stock market crash of 1929.

In 1933, when many of the country ’s important banks were threatened by the collapse of industries in which they were heavily invested, the government established the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI), a public agency that reorganized the banking system and acquired the banks ’ extensive industrial shareholdings in the process. In the petroleum industry, state participations also took the form of investment and joint ventures with foreign or private companies intended to boost Italy ’s refining capacity and exploration of new indigenous energy sources. In addition to creating Agip, the state joined with private industries to establish other energy-related companies that would eventually become part of ENI. The Azienda Nazionale Idrogenazione Combustibili (ANIC) was formed to operate in the refinery sector in 1936, as was Industria Raffinazione Oli Minerali (IROM), a joint venture with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.

A later joint venture with Standard Oil of resulted in the formation of STANIC, when Italy could not afford to update ANIC ’s three large refineries after the war. In 1941, government investment created Societa Nazionale Metanodotti (Snam) to build and run methane pipelines, and Societa Azionaria Imprese Perforazioni (Saip), a state-owned consortium of drilling companies. The creation of ENI, a single holding company that integrated all of Italy ’s activities in the hydrocarbons sector, was largely the work of its first president,. An able manager and entrepreneur with a nationalist, collectivist, and egalitarian ideology, Mattei campaigned to have the company established, and directed the course of ENI ’s growth and activities in its first decade. His aggressive promotion of Italy ’s self-reliance in energy won him wide popularity; it also set ENI on a collision course with large foreign and private oil companies. Mattei, a former partisan commander with some experience as an industrial manager in the private sector, was appointed commissioner of Agip for upper Italy in 1945.